Comment: Obl. base PL *ʔʷile-, cf. Lezg. wili, Tab. uli-, Ag. uli-, Rut. uli-, Tsakh. ul'e-. 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages. The Archi form is originally plural ( *ʔʷil-Vr ).
Meaning:1 lamb (less than 1 year old) 2 1-year-old sheep
Agul:urg 1
Rutul:urg 2
Tsakhur:urg 1
Comment: Obl. base *ʔʷɨlk:ɨ- or *ʔʷɨlk:e- (cf. Ag. urgu-, Rut. urgu-). In Inlaut *-l- is reconstructed on basis of Rut. and Tsakh. evidence (*-r- would be lost).
Comment: In some languages the stem *ʔʷɨre- 'in front' was confused with *ʔʷile- 'eye' (q.v.), so that the adverbs meaning 'in front' are now perceived as locative forms of 'eye'. Several forms, however, clearly show that this is a folk etymology. Cf. especially Kryz. ʕür-, Bud. ʕura, Arch. hara-k; we should add also dialectal forms: Rut. Khnov. wɨra-sur 'front side', Ag. Burk. uri-h 'in front' (Rich. udi-h < *ur-di-). Tsakh. hī-d is probably a contraction < *ha-ʔʷɨre-t:V (with the emphatic particle *ha- q.v.; Tsakh. h- can hardly reflect PL *ʔʷ-).
Not quite clear is Ud. be-šI 'in front': we would rather expect voiceless p- (pe-šI).
Comment: 4th class in Rut. and Arch. Cf. also Ag. Bursh. ʡakʷ, Fit. eḱʷ, Burk., Tp. ʡäkʷ 'light', Arch. ak:u-kes 'to dawn' ( = Tab. aku xuz id.). External data show that the original form *ʡakʷan (retained in Arch., possibly also in Ud., where kaj may reflect *(ʡa)kʷan with phonetic loss of -n) was reinterpreted in most Lezghian languages as the oblique base from *ʡakʷa (cf., e.g., the Lezg. paradigm: ekʷ, erg. eküni).
See Бокарев 1961, 63; Лексика 1971, 199; Гигинейшвили 1977, 80.
Comment: The Ag. word (a reduplicated form) means 'mirror'; cf. Ag. Bursh., Tp. ʡägʷ id. The original meaning is obviously preserved in Kryz. and Bud. ('niche in a wall' or 'roof orifice', whence 'window' > 'glass' in other languages).
There is a complicated relationship between this PL root (no doubt genuine, cf. the external parallels) and Osset. avg ( < Iran. *āpaka) 'glass'. The Iranian form may have influenced some of the Lezghian forms (especially Ag.; cf. also Arch. kabk 'glass' - which is quite isolated and can not correspond to other Lezg. forms). It is worth noting that the Iranian form was also borrowed in Adygh: PAK *ápk:ǝ 'glass' (Ad. āpč́, Kab. ābǯ), see Abayev 1958, 84, Shagirov 1,4.
Comment: Cf. also Tab. Kand. ǯi=ḳ-, Düb. ǯa=ḳ- 'to wash', Ag. Bursh. ǯiḳan- 'to make an ablution'. In Tab. and Ag. the verb has an expressive preverb *č:-, which had probably caused a dissimilation *-ƛ̣:- > -ƛ̣- (Tab., Ag. -ḳ-). It is interesting to note some similarity in behaviour with the root *ʔeƛ̣:ɨ 'to sweep' (see under *=VŁ_wV); the two roots are of course different, but they could have influenced each other.
Meaning:1 to scoop up;gather 2take away 3 choose 4take off
Tsakhur:ʁI-a=χ:Ia- 3
Kryz:G-ä=ħ- /G-iħ- 2
Budukh:a=ħ- 4
Archi:=erχ:Ia- 1
Comment: Cf. Arch. dur. =erχ:Iu-r (for final *-ɨ), and (with the same semantic development as in Shakhdagh) ga=χ:Ia-s (ga=χ:Iu-r) 'to take off'; Kryz. ja=ħ- / jiħ- 'to take off; to skin, take off skin'; Bud. ja=ħ- 'to scrape, skin, take off skin'.
Meaning:1 to sharpen, whet 2 to polish 3 whetstone
Lezghian:k:ünü 3
Tabasaran:ulǯ̌am 3
Agul:ʕulžan 3
Rutul:uǯu-d 3
Tsakhur:h-e=že- 2
Archi:=eIč:a- 1
Comment: The verbal stem is preserved only in Tsakh. and Archi (cf. also Arch. dur. =eIrč:u-r pointing to labialisation in PL). Most other languages reflect only the derivate *ʡelč:ʷana 'whetstone' (in Lezg. with a secondary -j-suffixation: k:ünü < *ʡe(l)č:ʷanVj); besides the forms cited cf. also Tab. Kand. ilǯ̌an, Düb. hilǯ̌an, Ag. Bursh. ʕulǯem, Burk. ʡülǯan, Fit. ħurǯin, Tsakh. wɨžena (Gelm. wužana). Other derivates are: Rut. uǯud < *ʡeč:ʷV-t:V; Arch. čun 'knitting needle' < *(ʡi)č:ʷV-nV.
The medial *-l- in *ʡelč:ʷana must be probably explained from *-r-, having penetrated here from the verbal durative stem (cf. Arch. =eIrč:u-r) and modified to *-l- under the influence of the following nasal (a usual development, especially in verbal paradigms).
Comment: The verb is attested only in the Dübek dialect of Tabasaran, thus its precise PL reconstruction is impossible. Archi and Shakh-Dagh reflect a PL derivate *w-äIḳʷVn:(a) (with Ablaut and shift of nasalisation in Shakh-Dagh). Another derivate is probably PL *liḳʷVr ( < *r-iḳʷV-l) > Tsakh. luḳor (Tsakh. prop. nuḳar, Gelm. luḳor) 'spinning-wheel, distaff', Arch. -ḳolor in marzi-ḳolor 'loom'.
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. lem, Tsakh. Gelm. aImalä. 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages. Since the metathesis *ʡimala > *ʡilama is specific for Lezghian languages and has occurred in Shakhdagh, it is most probable that Khin. hilam 'ass' is an old Shakhdagh loan (before the secondary reduction of the initial weak syllable).
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Nüt. üḳü 'salty', Ag. Fit. ʡürč̣i-t, Burk. ʡüč̣e-f 'sour'. Rutul and Tsakhur reflect a reduplication (in Tsakhur cf. also the variant with pharyngealisation: č̣uIrč̣uImaI-n).
Meaning:1 get cold 2 cold 3 to go out, be extinguished
Lezghian:el-üq-iz 3
Tabasaran:aqIu 2,-abqIub1
Agul:d-aqIa-s 1
Rutul:s-a-qIa-s 3
Tsakhur:ḳ́a-aqIa-s 3
Budukh:ʕatχa 2
Archi:χIe-t:ut 2
Comment: Cf. also Arch. a=χIa-s (dur. =arχIu-r) 'to be extinguished, go out'. A verbal stem, belonging to the strong verb class in PL. Most forms reflect the Ablaut grade *ä (*ʡäqIa-); the grade *-i- is preserved in Arch. χIe- ( < *ʔiqIä- 'cold'.
Most Lezghian languages have derived from this root words for 'shadow': Lezg. qen (Khl. äqIän), Tab. Düb. d-aqIin (Kand. d-aqIun 'mountain shadow'), Ag. aqI (Bursh. d-aqI), Rut. aqI / aqIan, Tsakh. aqI, Arch. ejχIurt.
Comment: Loss of pharyngealization in Agul is conditioned by the position of *-q̇:I- after a front vowel (Ag. ruq:u- < *riq:Iu- < *ʡi-r-q:IV-, where -r- is an adjectival infix).
